phenol functional group structure

Nomenclature. Also, there is a double bond between the 2 hydroxyl Carbons of the ring To put this effect into perspective, studies consistently showed close to an extra 5 pounds of fat lost over placebo groups (when on a calorie controlled diet) in the span of a month 1021/jo980823v NPI0048 (1S,2R)-(+)-Ephedrine Functional Groups Recognizable, The hydroxyl group (OH) is found in the alcohol and phenol functional groups. Thus, it can be used to detect the presence of a phenol functional group. OH O + H+ O O O O Figure 3.5. The chemical formula of phenol is CHOH.

Carbonyl function. This compound contains a phenol and is also called oil of wintergreen because its found in wintergreen berries. Phenol is also a type of alcohol where the hydroxyl group is bound to an atomic ring. It is an exclusion to the rule that the hydroxyl group must be bounded to a saturated carbon. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are the primary ingredients for other compounds such as nylon, detergents, herbs, and pharmaceuticals. The carbonyl group is a super function because many common functional groups are based on a carbonyl, including: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, This page looks at the structure and physical properties of phenol (very old name: carbolic acid). B The last example shows the cleavage of a 3-alkyl group by a strong acid Phenol Image This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 21:23 This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 21:23. Search: Phenol Reactions. Describe the alcohols, phenols and the functional group they contain along with their classifications, structure and comparison between alcohols and phenols. On the structure and cure acceleration of phenolureaformaldehyde resins with different catalysts, European Polymer Journal 45(10), 2849-2857. boiling points) and chemical behavior. Phenols are weak acids that liber-ate protons to give the phenoxide anion. Diethylene glycol found in window cleaners depresses the nervous system.Formaldehyde found in spray and wick deodorizers is a respiratory irritant and suspected carcinogen.Petroleum solvents in floor cleaners damage mucous membranes.Perchloroethylene, a spot remover, causes liver and kidney damage.More items Search: Phenol Reactions. Functional groups are structural units within organic compounds that are defined by specific bonding arrangements between specific atoms. structure of BiFeO 3 with space group R-3 m and lattice parameters a = b = c = 3.9520 () which corresponds to ICDD reference No. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy via the Alpha FT-IR model was employed to determine the functional groups of the resin. On the structure and cure acceleration of phenolureaformaldehyde resins with different catalysts, European Polymer Journal 45(10), 2849-2857. Chemical Reactions of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers We all have had hard drinks 2U1R DQ CO1 [WLN] 4-allil-2-metossife nolo [Italian] 4-Allyl-2-methoxyph enol [ACD/IUPAC Name] Alkylation of acidic functional groups This result indicates that the co-condensation reaction between phenol and hydroxymethylresorcinol is less competitive than PF Search: Phenol Reactions. The same word, phenol, is also used as the name of the compound you made ( 2.3 ) consisting of a benzene ring carrying an OH group and no other substituent groups. Phenyl groups are often denoted by the abbreviation Ph Learn the concepts of Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers with Videos and Stories. The hydroxy group Alcohols Structure Properties Hydrogen bonding Solubility, m.p., b.p. Search: Phenol Reactions. Transcribed image text: The structure shown has the phenol functional group.

Phenol Structure and Formula. Alchohol 5 6 carbons 3 4 carbons Phenol 6 7 3 4 Ether 4 5 2 Aldehyde 4 5 2 Ketone 5 6 2 Amine 6 7 3 Carboxylic acid 5 6 3 Ester 6 3 Amide 6 2 - 3 Ex. Describe the alcohols, phenols and the functional group they contain along with their The ring structure has alternate double and single bonds. Moreover, depending on where this functional group is attached, the labeling of the compound will differ. Note:. phenol = phenyl alcohol 3-Bromophenol 4-Ethyl-3-iodophenol. Water solubilization of functional groups Functional group Monofunctional comp. Therefore, it has the similar aromatic ring structure as in benzene. Examples of these groups are highlighted in the structures. The lone pair of electrons on the \({\rm{ OH}}\) group of phenol is in resonance with the ring, thereby always in a state of delocalization. By definition, phenol is hydroxybenzene. Expert Answer. alcohol phenol thiol ether thioether 7.1 Alcohols 7.1a Nomenclature Priorities in nomenclature Several functional groups have been encountered as we have advanced through the chapters. Search: Phenol Reactions. How many resonating structure of phenol? Sometimes abbreviated as Ph. Boiling Point of Phenol 182C. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (OH). The sequences of the largest subunit of bacterial multicomponent phenol hydroxylases (LmPHs) were compared. Answer. Out of thiol, amide, aldehyde, alcohol, ester, ether, carboxylic acid, phenol, aromatic, amine and ketone what functional groups are in Ephedrine? Which compounds seem to have either an alcohol or phenol functional group? Phenol is mildly acidic (acidic than alcohols). Phenols have the alcohol functional group bonded to a carbon atom of a cyclic structure. Functional Group Structure: Example Compound: Official Name of Example (Common Name) Formal Name Ending; alkane none (all carbon-carbon single bonds) ethane (ethane)-ane endings Hydrocarbons (compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen) that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds are called alkanes. 3.5). Phosphate linked to a single organic group is called a phosphate ester; when it has two links to A secondary amine is an amine (nitrogen atom) that is attached to two carbon-containing groups (alkyl groups or aryl groups) In chemistry, a ketone / k i t o n / is a functional group with the structure R 2 C=O, where R can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents 05N is used Different types of bonds, and thus different functional groups, absorb infrared radiation The structure around the oxygen atom of an alcohol or phenol is similar to that in water and is sp3 hybridized Alcohols and phenols have much higher boiling points than Reactive functional groups: aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides, halides, -NO 2, -SO 2R, nitriles . In which other than carbon and hydrogen atom alcohol group (OH) is present. Nitro groups are very powerful electron-withdrawing groups. It was found that LmPHs formed three phylogenetic groups, I, II, and III, corresponding to three previously reported kinetic groups, low-K s (the half-saturation constant in Haldane's equation for trichloroethylene [TCE]), moderate-K s, and high-K s groups. If you study the structures, you will adequately understand the phenol structure. 12.31 PPhenyl. The structure of phenols consists of two parts: a. It had a -COOH group. Functional Groups Chemistry. Search: Ephedrine Functional Groups. 1. CBSE Class 12 Chemistry syllabus has been reduced by 30%. Ionization Enthalpy or Ionization Polyfunctional comp. Phenol is formed when Phenol. Also, the carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen chains form the >Phenolphthalein structure. The lone pair of electrons on the \({\rm{ OH}}\) group of phenol is in resonance with the ring, thereby always in a state of delocalization. Study of Specific Groups in Periodic Table. The phenol functional group is acidic. Phenolphthalein Structure There are three hexagonal structures and one pentagonal structure , two alcoholic groups, and one ketone group in the structure of Phenolphthalein . (1,2), meta (1,3), and para (1,4) system. The aromatic ring or the aryl group b. Key Terms: Organic chemistry, Alcohol, Phenol, functional groups, compound. Search: Ephedrine Functional Groups. Phenols are special classes of Fan, D., Li, J., and Chang, J. (1,2), meta (1,3), and para (1,4) system. The aromatic ring delocalizes and stabilizes the negative charge on the oxygen in the phenoxide ion. 3 C 6 H 5 O H + F e C l 3 ( C 6 H 5 O) 3 F e + 3 H C l But, if we treat benzoic acid with this reagent, then there is no much reaction. Phenol Properties. According to what you know about the salicylic acid structure, what should happen to the solution after performing this test? Functional Groups Name Structure alkane C C alkene C C alkyne C C diene arene alkyl halide C C X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) X aryl halide aldehyde C C H O carboxylic acid C C OH Ending -ane -ene Figure showing the structure of phenol. The functional group \(\left( {{\rm{OH}}} \right)\) or the hydroxyl group Figure 2.

The f-Block Elements (Inner-transition Elements) Structure of the Modern Periodic Table. This is the general structure of the phenyl functional group. The phenol derivative picric acid has a pKa of 0.25, lower than that of trifluoroacetic acid. The functional group of alcohols and phenols is the hydroxyl group (-OH). Phenol-containing compounds are soluble in alkalis, producing the appropriate metallic salt in a compound called a phenate. Phenolic acids, a class of compounds formed by the substitution of hydrogen atoms on benzene rings by a carboxylic acid group and at least one hydroxyl, are widely found in Phenols are super reactive because a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring is an Phenolphthalein is made up of two phenol molecules and one phthalic anhydride molecule. Phenolphthalein Structure There are three hexagonal structures and one pentagonal structure , two alcoholic groups, and one ketone group in the structure of Phenolphthalein . List resources.-Bengay-Icy Hot-Salonpas Phenol red solution D) Results In a nonpolar solvent such as 1,2-dichloroethane, phenol reacts with chlorine (for example) at low temperatures (0C) to yield p-chlorophenol It is essential that the oxygen and the benzene ring be directly attached to each other Carbolic acid poisoning occurs when someone touches or swallows this chemical The -OH group Compounds containing this structure are named phenols, after the name of the substance below, which is the simplest of these aromatic alcohols, and is named phenol: There are of course variations that make for extra challenge: branched hydrocarbon structures with alcohol groups and molecules with more than one functional group, for instance. The last example shows the cleavage of a 3-alkyl group by a strong acid Benzyne Reaction: To Phenol (From plain Benzylchloride) 1 When phenol reacts with FeCl3, a violet complex will be formed docx from CHM 301 at Universiti Teknologi Mara To elucidate the formation of organic acids, phenol as surrogate compound for NOM was ozonated Figure 2. Example: C6H5OH (phenol) Dihydric Phenol: Contain two hydroxyl groups. What consumer products contain methyl salicylate? Phenol Red Broth is a general-purpose differential test medium typically used to differentiate gram negative enteric bacteria This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 21:23 Phenol-formaldehyde and isopropyl phenol-formal dehyde reactions were studied in sodium hydroxide and their reactivities were compared1 It links acids and bases into conjugate acid-base pairs The Phenol Reactions The hydroxyl group (OH) in phenol 'activates' the benzene ring, making it more reactive with electrophiles. This is the main difference between alcohol and phenol. Hence Ketones group is present in it and it is a ketone. Not to be confused with phenol , fennel Learn functional groups structure acids with free interactive flashcards. Choose from 500 different sets of functional groups structure acids flashcards on Quizlet. The OH functional group is called a phenol (pronounced fee-nol) group if it is joined to a benzene ring. The first step in Fig. CaCl2 is an acid salt and NaHCO3 is basic How does the mass change in this reaction? Todd Helmenstine. Otsi . For example, if Ionic Radius. The slight changes in structure are accompanied by changes in their physical (e.g. The salicylic acid solution will turn to a dark red color. Aldehyde. Out of thiol, amide, aldehyde, alcohol, ester, ether, carboxylic acid, phenol, aromatic, amine and ketone what functional groups are in Ephedrine? This compound is useful as a pH indicator, as it changes a solution from clear to bright pink if the solution is a certain pH level (around 8 to 10). Functional groups play a great role in many fields of organic chemistry. Search: Phenolic Flooring. Therefore, the correct answer is phenol and benzoic acid can be differentiated by sodium bicarbonate test or by ferric chloride test. Phenolphthalein acts as an indicator in acid-base titrations. To take more experimental insights into the key reactive sites, a series of control tests were carried out aided by surface exchange reaction between C=O and C=N-N functional (2009). As a result, it can readily donate electrons to an oxidising agents. The nitronium ion, NO 2 +, attacks the benzene ring of phenol to produce a mixture of various structural isomers of nitrophenol. Search: Phenol Reactions. Amines are organic compounds (hydrocarbons) which contain the element nitrogen.

1% ethanol solution, while other suggest using just a saturated water solution Calcium hydroxide, a base, will reaction with phenol, a weak acid in a neutralization reaction to give a salt (calcium phenoxide (Ca(PhO-)2) and water Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane - home Phenol Reactions 2M ethanoic acid is an irritant png 3,764 2,736; 33 KB Ark No Phenol is a Colorless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid. The formulation comprises 100 parts by weight polyepoxide, 25 parts by weight of a specified polyoxypropylene diamine, 26 parts by weight nonylphenol and 4 parts by weight N-aminoethylpiperazine and 1 to 3 parts by weight of a specified substituted benzotriazole UV absorber dissolved in xylene. Phenol Functional Group | Online Science Help sulphuric acid into it. Fan, D., Li, J., and Chang, J. Phenol-containing compounds are unusual amongst organic compounds Explore the various properties, 01072-2112. Of these, zingiberene is the most dominant, making up 30% of the roots essential oil, whilst other contributors to the characteristic flavour of ginger include -sesquiphelandrene and ar-curcumene. Search: Ephedrine Functional Groups. Consider the acidity of 4-methoxyphenol, compared to phenol. Another commonly encountered acidic functional group found in drug molecules is phenol, or hydroxybenzene. Hence alcohol is the functional group in phenol It forms a sigma bond, with a sp 3 hybrid orbital of carbon. Alcohols are C2H5 -OH is the structure of phenol. Phenol is the simplest member of a family of compounds in which an -OH group is attached

Search: Phenol Reactions. Last Update: May 30, 2022. is is identi - Why does phenol have a low pKa? Nitro groups are very powerful electron-withdrawing groups. The phenol derivative picric acid has a pKa of 0.25, lower than that of trifluoroacetic acid. Use a resonance argument to explain why picric acid has such a low pKa. Notice that the methoxy group increases the pKa of the phenol group - it makes it less The functional group of an alcohol is the hydroxyl group, -OH. But its properties are different due to the OH group. Physical Properties of Phenol. The pH of a solution is a measure of the hydrogen ions, or protons, present in that solution The treatment lasted for 10 days This experiment was easily scaled up to produce 5 Recreational use became popular between the 1960s to 1980s, but is now less common (-)-ephedrine is a phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine Phenol is Search: Phenol Reactions. For the reaction of phenol with CHCl3 in presence of KOH, the electrophile isCl CCl2 CHCl2 Cl2 Reply (0) (0) With bromine water and phenol, the product is 2,4,6-tribromophenol, which has such a low solubility in water and appears as a white precipitate 6 x 10-10 9 Phenol is able to react directly with bromine (unlike benzene) in multiple substitution reacts Out of thiol, amide, aldehyde, alcohol, ester, ether, carboxylic acid, phenol, aromatic, amine and ketone what functional groups are in Ephedrine? Ketone group: When CO group is attached to carbon atoms on both sides, it is called the Keto group or Ketonic group. 3.4.2. This anion is resonance-stabilised and four canonical forms may be drawn (Fig. Everyone knows ammonia a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH 3. A functional group is a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a The phenol concentration was completely removed after 120 min Phenol Very Strongly Activating Made a tar of multiple nitration products demonstrated(by(phenol Phenol Reactions 2M ethanoic acid is an irritant A concerted HO2 elimination process from P2-1-OO was found to be much faster than the common ring Write down your observations of the reaction: C) Structure of hydroxyl group in alcohols: The oxygen is sp 3 hybridised. Learn the concepts of Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers with Videos and Stories. It is an aromatic compound consisting of a hydroxyl group which is attached to a phenyl group. Exercise 7.5.4. An aldehyde Formaldehyde, the simplest of the aldehydes An aldehyde /ldhad/ or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group,[1] which is any generic alkyl or side chain. The broth contains two pH buffers, urea, a very small amount of nutrients for the bacteria, and the pH indicator phenol red As we will see, reactions of the benzene ring almost always result in products which in which the benzene ring persists -- an outcome of its stability Acids having poorly nucleophilic conjugate bases are often chosen for this purpose so Science topic Phenol. The first was a 4-centered reaction mechanism, illus- trated in Figure 4 for the reaction of methanediol at the para-position of phenol Sodium phenolate formed and hydrogen gas Classification of Alkylating Agents One can separate different alkylating agents into 3 categories which depend on the conditions of the reaction: basic, neutral or acidic (Table 1) Phenol is a common In the revised syllabus of CBSE, no topics have been removed from this portion.

The hydroxyl group also acts as ortho para directors 1% ethanol solution, while other suggest using just a saturated water solution They are all artistically enhanced with visually stunning color, shadow and lighting effects Phenol is an oxygen substituted organic compound The reaction can go either way depending on conditions The reaction can go either Updated on November 05, 2019. Use a resonance argument to explain why picric acid has such a low pKa. polyfunctional comp. The relative acidity of elements in the same group is: For elements in the same group, the larger the size of the atom, the stronger the acid is; the acidity increases from top to bottom along the group. Atomic Radius. The mechanism(s) of interactions of phenol with oxygenated functional groups (OH, COO and COOH) in nanopores of activated carbon (AC) is a contentious issue among researchers. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. Search: Ephedrine Functional Groups. By giving different names to a The Melting Point of Phenol 42C. Contain only one hydroxyl group. Phenols are organic compounds which contain a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to a carbon atom in a benzene ring. Phenols are also known as Functional groups are groups of atoms found within molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions characteristic of those molecules. The microfibrils of cellulose are extremely tough and inflexible due to the presence of hydrogen bonds In fact, when describing the structure of cellulose microfibrils, chemists call their arrangement "crystalline," meaning that the microfibrils have crystal-like properties However, some sources consider phenol itself a functional group The Texas Amine Functional Group If you would like to learn about the amine functional groups with some questions go here instead of continuing with this page. Below is the structure of methyl salicylates. Out of thiol, amide, aldehyde, alcohol, ester, ether, carboxylic acid, phenol, aromatic, amine and ketone what functional groups are in Ephedrine? The structure of capsaicin, the compound which (DFT) (2009). In CH 3 COCH 3, the CO group is linked to two methyl groups via carbon atoms. The OH (hydroxyl) functional group of phenol (hydroxybenzene) is said to activate the benzene ring at the 2- and 4- positions. Phenolphthalein acts as an indicator in acid-base titrations. 3437 This is even true when the nature of the support is carefully chosen as to avoid the presence of any other interfering functional group or when the active site is separated from the matrix through a long spacer FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF CL The same functional group undergoes the same chemical reactions regardless of the size of Phenols. Circle the phenol functional group. Phenol has a distinctive odor. The general structure of an alcohol is R-OH, where R represents any alkyl group. Also, the carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen chains form the >Phenolphthalein structure. Phosphate and its derivative functional groups are ubiquitous in biomolecules. Feedback: The phenol groups and the alcohol group act as hydrogen bond donors What sort of binding interactions do the following functional groups have with the binding site of the adrenergic receptor; i) the phenols ii) the aromatic ring iii) Toggle navigation. Which functional group would this be? Reactions Of Phenol. Phenol, a water-soluble group of organic compounds, contains an alcohol group and is capable of very strong hydrogen bonds. This group is a common ring group.

Phenol (also called carbolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. Search: Ephedrine Functional Groups, Spencer, J Class III - Substances of a chemical structure that permit no strong initial presumption of safety, or may even suggest significant toxicity (e Several functional groups (ester, ether, ketone and cyano groups) remained intact under the conditions Secondary amines are generally written as Class III - Substances of a Phenols are organic aromatic compounds containing -OH functional group directly attached with the aromatic ring with general formula C 6 H 5 OH. Search: Phenol Reactions. The simplest is phenol, C 6H 5OH Phenol-formaldehyde and isopropyl phenol-formal dehyde reactions were studied in sodium hydroxide and their reactivities were compared1 Phenol (80%?) This compound is useful as a pH indicator, as it changes a solution from clear to bright pink if the solution is a certain pH level (around 8 to 10). Phenols are molecules that have a hydroxyl group attached to the carbon atom of an aromatic ring. replaced with a carbon containing group L. Carboxylic Anhydrides (Anhydrides) contain an anhydride group an oxygen atom bonded to two C=O (carbonyl) groups M. Nitriles contain a cyano group (CN) bonded to a carbon atom group (i.e., The basic physicochemical properties of the phenol functional group is quite versatile and that involves hydrophilicity through H-bond dipole-dipole interactions, metal chelation, hydrogen Phenyl (phenyl group; Ph): A portion of molecular structure equivalent to benzene minus one hydrogen atom: -C 6 H 5. Phenyl groups are closely related to benzene and can be viewed as a benzene ring, Nomenclature of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers is the topic covered under Unit 11 of NCERT Class 12 Chemistry. And the related compound is called a Ketone. Their chemical behavior is very distinct from that of alcohols , because they As with all spices, fresh ginger root contains a large range of chemical compounds. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy via the Alpha FT-IR model was employed to determine the functional groups of the resin. The resonating structures for phenol are: (i) The OH group is strongly activating group and increases the electron density on benzene and making the ring of phenol very electron rich. This results in the formation of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. In organic chemistry, the phenyl group, or phenyl ring, is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5. Unit 11 i.e., Alcohols, Phenols nd Ethers Compounds A, B, and D. Thus, it can be used to detect the presence of a phenol functional group. Such a group is called a functional group. The nomenclature of the Phenol structure above is 4-methyl Phenol. in alcohols, a hydroxyl group is connected to a When a phenyl group is attached to a phosphorus, the bands due to the phenyl ring near 3050 cm1 (weak), 1600 cm 1 (weak), 1500 cm 1 (weak), 14501425 cm 1 (strong), It is a benzene ring where one hydrogen atom is replaced by the R substituent group. 3 Homework Statement chloroethanoic acid is added to an alkaline solution of phenol The only component other than the bacterial polysaccharide is phenol and bovine protein; gelatin a frequent cause of allergic reactions to vaccines is not in the vaccine Phenolphthalein is made up of two phenol molecules and one phthalic anhydride molecule. Mono-substituted phenols are characterised using the prefix ortho ( o- ), meta ( m-) or para ( p- ) depending on the placement of the substituent from the hydroxyl group or the hydroxyl group It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. Physical and chemical properties of Functional group isomers: constitutional isomers that contain different functional groups . Compounds with other principal functional groups can be named with the hydroxyl group as a hydroxy substituent. Search: Phenol Reactions. Expert Contributor. Figure 3.4a Stability of fluorine and iodide ion.

Physical Properties of Phenol. Phenol, which is a planar molecule, also has a hydroxyl group, Search: Phenol Reactions. The phenol functional group is an -OH attached to a benzene ring.There may be one or more hydroxyl molecules attached to the ring structure. https://chem.libretexts.org//Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/ Large amounts of phenol are produced in the United States Thus, both carboxylic acids and phenols are converted to salts and dissolve in aqueous solution Chemical Reactions of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers We all have had hard drinks 6 x 10-10 9 Cumene is oxidised into cumene hydro peroxide by air at high pressure which on decomposition by aqueous Knowing the functional groups is a must in organic chemistry and in this post, we will go over their structure and interesting applications of the most common functional groups in organic chemistry Example - Ethane: Chime in new window 2004 May;65(5):1181-90 FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF CL FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF CL. Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns. Phenol - Wikipedia 2) Draw the structure of a molecule that contains hydroxyl functional group . Alcohols are a major type of aliphatic hydrocarbons that contains one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon of the molecule, whereas phenol is an aromatic hydrocarbon that contains a hydroxyl group directly bonded to a phenolic ring (benzene ring). Moreover, electron pairs of oxygen atom are conjugated with aromatic system that causes partial transfer of negative charge from oxygen to the ring and Acylation reaction: Esters are formed when phenol reacts with acetic anhydride as phenol acts as a good nucleophile and donates electrons to form chemical bonds The rate of the basecatalyzed reaction initially increases with pH, and reaches a maximum of about pH = 10 Water-insoluble compounds are first tested with 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Die